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Ailamaki, "Toward dark silicon in servers," IEEE Micro, vol. Falsafi, "Clearing the clouds: a study of emerging scale-out workloads on modern hardware," in Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Mar. Jouppi, "Simple but effective heterogeneous main memory with on-chip memory controller support," in Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis, Nov. Maly, 3-Dimensional VLSI: A 2.5-Dimensional Integration Scheme, 1st ed. Maly, "Interconnect characteristics of 2.5-d system integration scheme," in Proceedings of the 2001 International Symposium on Physical Design, ser. Moshovos, "Accurate and complexity-effective spatial pattern prediction," in Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture, feb 2004. Emer, "Predictive sequential associative cache," in Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture, Feb. Our evaluation using server workloads and caches of up to 8GB reveals that Unison cache improves performance by 14% compared to Alloy Cache due to its high hit rate, while outperforming the state-of-the art page-based designs that require impractical SRAM-based tags of around 50MB. Then, leveraging the insights from the Footprint Cache design, Unison Cache employs large, page-sized cache allocation units to achieve high hit rates and reduction in tag overheads, while predicting and fetching only the useful blocks within each page to minimize the off-chip traffic. Similar to Alloy Cache's approach, Unison Cache incorporates the tag metadata directly into the stacked DRAM to enable scalability to arbitrary stacked-DRAM capacities. We introduce a novel stacked-DRAM cache design, Unison Cache. However, multi-gigabyte stacked DRAM caches will soon be practical and needed by server applications, thereby mandating tens of MBs of tag storage even for page-based DRAM caches. In doing so, the Footprint Cache achieves high hit rates with moderate on-chip tag storage and reasonable lookup latency. In contrast, the state-of-the-art page-based design, called Footprint Cache, organizes the DRAM cache at page granularity (e.g., 4KB), but fetches only the blocks that will likely be touched within a page. However, such a design suffers from low hit rates due to poor temporal locality in the DRAM cache. The state-of-the-art block-based design, called Alloy Cache, collocates a tag with each data block (e.g., 64B) in the stacked DRAM to provide fast access to data in a single DRAM access. Today's stacked DRAM cache designs fall into two categories based on the granularity at which they manage data: block-based and page-based.
#UNISON HARDWARE FULL#
To realize their full potential, die-stacked DRAM caches necessitate low lookup latencies, high hit rates and the efficient use of off-chip bandwidth.
#UNISON HARDWARE SERIES#
While it clearly has an 80s feel, it’s definitely different from the sound of Oberheim synths and Sequential’s Prophet series from the same era.Recent research advocates large die-stacked DRAM caches in many core servers to break the memory latency and bandwidth wall. In our review, in which the synth was given an Editor’s Choice award, we said: “The Elka-X’s sonic capabilities are a bag of surprises. Stereo echo and reverb effects join the original’s onboard chorus. It also features expanded filter and LFOs for more modulation options, a simplified four-track sequencer and an arpeggiator with independent assignments for different layers. The Elka-X increases the polyphony of the original, including mono and unison modes and velocity response- a feature not found on the original Synthex. “Elka-X brings the authentic and expanded Synthex experience roaring into the 21st century.” “Every effort was taken to emulate the prized tone of the original’s DCOs, dynamic filter, and stunning chorus,” says Cherry Audio. The synth was discontinued by the middle of the decade, with the last unit purportedly made for Stevie Wonder, who enlisted it for bass duties on the single Skeletons, from 1987’s album Characters.
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